现在完成时专项
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去 但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或 状态。其构成：have +过去分词。不少同学对现在完成时的用法感到困惑，下面我们来对现在完成时的用法以及现在完成时与一般过去时的区别做一个详细分析。现在完成时常与不确定的过去时间状语，如：just,yet, before, recently, once, lately等；也可以同表示濒度的时间状语连用，如often, ever,never, sometimes, twice, on severaloccasions等；也同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如now, today, this morning, this year,this month等，但不能同特定的时间状语连用。
表示过去发生或完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
如： Have you read that story？
你读过那个故事吗？
I have bought two apples．
我买了两个苹果。
在学习这一概念的同时，还应注意常与现在完成时连用的几个副词：already，just，ever，yet，never等。already，just多用于肯定句中，ever，yet，never多用于疑问句和否定句中。
如： I have already finished my homework．我已经做完家庭作业了。 He has justhad his meal．他刚吃过饭。 Have you ever sung this Englishsong？你曾唱过这首英文歌吗？ They haven"t started yet．他们还没有动身。 We have neverheard of it．我们从来没有听说过这件事。
表示过去已经开始，一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
1、因为表示的是持续的动作或状态，所以使用的动词通常是延续性动词：be, stay,study, wait, keep, have… 等；
2、使用的时间状语通常由for或since 引导，但二者后接的词有所不同：
for后常跟一个时间段，指某个动作到现在为止已持续了多长时间。
如：for three years, for half an hour等。
since 作介词，后面可以接一个时间点，如since 1980，也可以接“一段时间+ago”,如: since threeyears ago, since two months ago等。
since 还可用作连词，引导一个过去时态的时间状语从句。
如：We have known each other since we went to college.
3、非延续性动词不能直接和for 或since 连用，但我们可以找一个相应的延续性动词或动词短语来替换这些非延续性动词，
如:come→be,come to→be in / at,go out→ beout,leave→be away,
begin→be on,stop→ beover，buy→have,borrow→ keep,
open→be open,close→beclosed,join→be a member of,
die→be dead,catch acold→have a cold,get toknow→know,
become a teacher →be ateacher,fall asleep→beasleep,fallill→ be ill等。
4、句型It is the first 现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较
1、一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情，不强调对"现在"产生的影响。
如： He visited Guilin in 1998.
他1998年参观过桂林。
2、 现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。不与确定的过去时间状语连用。
如： Jill has bought a new computer.
吉尔买了一台新电脑。
3、 两种时态的区分
一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式，而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是"助动词have /has +过去分词"。
一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last week, two years ago,just now, in 2002等；
而现在完成时则常与just, already, ever, never等副词和these days, this week,since..., for...等表示一段时间的状语连用。
看看以下的几组句子，有什么区别？
① Have you seen the film?
Did you see the film?[说明]你看过这部电影吗？句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解；句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。
② How has he done it?
How did he do it?
[说明]他是怎么做的这件事？句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响；句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。
③ He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.
He lived in Beijing for 8years.
[说明]他在北京住了8年。句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了8年，可能还会继续在北京住下去。句讲的是他在北京住过8年，现在不在北京了。
5.几点注意事项
have been与have gone的区别：havebeen表示“去过某地”，可用于各人称；havegone表示“去某地了”，常用于第三人称，前者可与once ,never,severaltimes等连用，后者则不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。
He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。
如单纯表示一段时间，或强调一段时间，虽有since一词，也不必用完成时。如：It is two years sincehis father died. =His father has been dead for twoyears.他父亲去世已有三年了。
终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。
如：I haven"t left here since 1997.自从1997年以来，我一直没有离开过这儿。
现在完成时常见两种句型：①主语＋have / has been＋for短语②It is＋一段时间＋ since从句例如：He has been in the League for three years.或It is three yearssince he joined the League. 他入团已三年了。在表达一个在过去开始而现在仍在继续或刚刚结束的动作时，某些动词既可以用现在完成时，也可以用现在完成进行时。这样的动词有expect，hope，learn，lie，live，look，rain，sleep，sit，snow，stand，stay，study，teach，wait，want，work等How long have you learnt English？你学习英语多久了？How long have you been learning English？He has slept for ten hours．他已经睡了十个小时了。He has been sleeping for ten hours．It has snowed for a long time．雪下了好长时间了。It has been snowing for a long time．没有进行式的动词不可能有这样的用法，即现在完成进行时不能代替以下例句中的现在完成时：They’ve always had a big garden．他们一直有一座大花园。How long have you known that？你知道这事多久了？He’s been in hospital since his accident．他从发生事故之后，一直在医院里。注意：现在完成进行时可以和时间短语连用，也可以不连用，这一点就有别于现在完成时，因为后者与像for six days，sinceJune，never等一些时间短语连用才能表示这类动作。不用这些时间状语时，现在完成时指的是完成了的一个动作。B 用现在完成时表示的反复的动作，有时可以作为连续的动作用现在完成进行时表示：I’ve written six letters since breakfast．早饭后我已经写了六封信。I’ve been writing letters since breakfast．早饭后我一直在写信。I have knocked five times．I don’t think anyone’s in．我敲了五次门。我想屋里没有人。I’ve been knocking．I don’t think anybody’s in．我一直在敲门。我想屋里没有人
现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时可以表示一个已经完成的动作，而现在完成进行时则表示一个正在进行的动作：
I have read the book. 我读过这本书。I have been reading the book.我一直在读这本书。
【注】有少数动词在表示持续一时间时用这两种时态含义差不多：
How long have you worked [been working] here? 你在这儿工作多久了？
I’ve lived [been living] here since 1988. 自1988年以来我就一直住在这儿。
现在完成时通常只陈述事实，而现在完成进行时还可表示一种感****彩：
I have waited for two hours. 我等了两小时。
I have been waiting for two hours. 我等了两个小时。
现在完成进行时通常用来谈论较短暂的动作或情况，若要谈论时间延续较长的动作或情况或永久性情况，则通常用现在完成时：He haslived in Paris. 他住在巴黎。He has been living in Paris.他住在巴黎。
不用于进行时态的动词通常也不用于现在完成进行时，但它们可以用于现在完成时：
I’ve only known her for two day. 我认识她刚刚两天。They’ve been marriedfor twenty years. 他们结婚已二十年了。The war has lasted for a long time.这场战争持续了很长时间。
现在完成进行时不用于被动语态，若要用可用现在完成时的被动语态代替：
The house has been painted for a month. 这房子已漆了一个月。
The problem has been studied for five days. 这个问题已研究了五天。
现在完成时专项练习
一、 单项选择。
1、Bothhis parents look sad .Maybethey______what"shappened to him .
A.knewB.haveknownC.mustknowD.will know
2、Hehas_______beentoShanghai ,hashe ?A. alreadyB.neverC.ever D.still
3、HaveyoumetMrLi______？A.justB.agoC.beforeD. a moment ago
4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year.
A. iswritingB.waswritingC.wroteD.haswritten
5、—Our country______ a lot so far .
—Yes . I hope it will beeven ______ .
A.haschanged ;wellB.changed ; good C.has changed ;betterD.changed ; better
6、Zhao Lan______already______in this school for two years.
A. was ;studyingB. will ; studyC. has ;studiedD. are ; studying
7、We ______XiaoLisinceshewasalittlegirl .
A.knowB.hadknownC. haveknownD.knew
8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I______ it twice .
A.willseeB.haveseenC.sawD.see
9、—ThesefarmershavebeentotheUnitedStates .
—Really ? When _____there ?
A. willtheygoB.didtheygoC.dotheygoD.havetheygone
10、—______ you ___ yourhomeworkyet ?
—Yes . I_____itamomentago .
A.Did ; do ; finishedB.Have ; done ; finished
C.Have ; done ; havefinishedD.will ; do ;finish
11、 Hisfather______thePartysince1978 .
A.joinedB.hasjoinedC.wasinD.hasbeenin
12、—Do you know him well?
—Sure .We _________friends since ten years ago .
A.wereB. havebeenC. havebecomeD. have made
13、—How long haveyou____ here ?
—About two months .A.beenB.goneC.comeD.arrived
14、Hurryup! Theplay __________ fortenminutes .
A.hasbegunB.hadbegunC.hasbeenonD.began
15、 It_____ tenyearssinceheleftthearmy .
A.isB.hasC.willD.was
16、 MissGreenisn"tintheoffice . she_______tothelibrary .
A.hasgoneB.wentC.willgoD.hasbeen
17、Myparents ______Shandongfortenyears .
A.havebeeninB.havebeentoC.havegonetoD. havebeen
18、The students have cleaned theclassroom,?
A. sotheyB. don’ttheyC. havetheyD. haven’t they
19、has Mr White been a member of Greener China sinceheto China?
A. How soon,comesB. How often, gotC. How long,cameD. How far, arrived
20、 Hisunclefor more than9 years.
A. has come hereB. has started to work C. haslived thereD. has left the university
21.When he arrived at the bus stop, the bus _____ for 20minutes.
A. hasleftB. hadleftC. has beenawayD. had been away
22. I ______ the League for 5 years so far.A.joinedB.have joinedC. have been in
23.The factory ____ since the February of1988.A . has been openB. hasopenedC. was openD.opened
24.Mary and Rose ____friends since they met in2000.A. have made B. have been C.madeD. have become
25.You mustn"t_____ until he comesback.A. beawayB.leaveC. be left
26.The meeting _____ for a week now. A. hasfinishedB. hasendedC. has been over
27.Miss Gao ______ this school for nearly 5years.A. has been inB. hascome toC. has taught
28.Ben ______ a teacher for 4 years .A. hasbeenB. has becomeC.wasD.became
29. I ______ home for aweek.A. havereturnedB. have beenbackC. returned
30. How long _______ he ________ ?A.diedB. has,diedC. has, been dead
31. He ______ at eight yesterday afternoon. A.sleptB. wassleepingC. hassleepD. had slept
32.He ________ the car for aweek.A.boughtB. hasboughtC. hashad
33.-----How long _____ you _____ ill ? -----Twoweeks.A. didfallB. have,fellC. have, been
34.Since 2000, he _____ his hometown.A. hasleftB. has movedawayC. has been away from
35.I"ll lend you the book , but you can only _____ it for 2days.A.borrowB.keepC. take
36.The bus ______ on the road for 2 hours sofar.A. hasstoppedB.stoppedC. has been
37.Are you _____ the jacket thesedays?A.wearingB.putting onC.dressingD. on
38.He ________ for 2 hours.A. gotupB.has gotupC. hasbeen up
39. Tom is ill in hospital. He ______ a cold for severaldays.A.isB. catchesC. hascaughtD. has had
40.----- How long can I ______ thebook?
------ Twoweeks.A. borrowB.lendC.getD.keep
二、 句型转换。
1、He has neversurfed,?
2、They have been here since 2000.have they been here?
3、The old man _______ last year.Hefor a year.
4、This factory opened twenty years ago.
Thisfactory________ for twenty years.
5、Miss Gao left an hour ago. Miss Gao_____ ____ _____ _____ an hour ago.
6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .
Hermother _______thePartythreeyears________ .
7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago.
_______two years ________ the Green family moved to France.
8、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago.
___________________________________________
三、 汉译英。
1、 吉姆已做完作业，他现在有空了。
2、 他昨天收到一封信。
3、 我父亲以前到过长城。
4、 她还没有看过那部新电影。
5、 她去过上海。
6、 他这些天上哪儿去了？
现在完成时与中考选择填空。
1．I_______ a letter from him since heleft．
A．didn"t receive B．haven"t got C．didn"t haveD．haven"t heard
2．—Where have you _______ these days？ —I have to Dazhu with myfriends．
A．been；gone B．been；been C．gone；beenD．gone；gone
3．How long have you _______ this book？ A．bought B．borrowedC．had D．lent
4．—Where"s Peter？ —He _______ to Nanjing． A．is going B．hasbeen C．has gone D．went
5．You"ve never seen such a wonderful film before，_______？
A．haven"t you B．have you C．do you D．don"tyou
6．We have lived here _______ five years ago． A．when B．sinceC．before D．after
7．—I have watched the game． —When you _______ it？
A．have；watched B．do；watch C．did；watchD．will；watch
8．—How do you like Beijing，Mr Black？ —Oh，I _______ such abeautiful city．
A．don"t visit B．didn"t visit C．haven"tvisited D．hadn"t visited
9．The old people _______ lonely at all since we began to visitthem once a week．
A．don"t feel B．hasn"t feltC．haven"t felt D．didn"t feel
10．My grandfather_______in the small town allhis life．He always says he likes the town．
A．lived B．have lived C．has lived D．isliving
11．Miss Brown _______ to the Great Wall twice．
A．have been B．has been C．have gone D．hasgone
12．His brother has been to Stone Forest twice _______ he came toYunnan．
A．after B．before C．sinceD．for
13．His grandpa _______ for two years． A．was died B．has beendead C．was dead D．has died
14．—Have you ever_______to Haikou？—Yes，I_______there with my family lastAugust．
A．gone；went B．been；wentC．been；went to D．been；was in
15．His sister _______ her hometown for three years． She"llreturn next year．
A．left B．has leftC．hasbeen away D．has been away from
一、单项选择。
1、现在完成时主要强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，或过去发生的动作还未结束，一直持续到现在或将来，重点在于对现在的影响。这种考查难度较大，往往无时间状语，需要从上下文分析、推理才行。故上两侧根据上下文分析、推理，正确答案是B。
2、现在完成时常与already，just，ever，never，before，yet等连用。故2应选B。
3、C
4、现在完成时常与recently，sofar，inthepast/“last +一段时间”等时间状语连用。因为上述短语表示的是从现在起往前推算的一段时间，句中的动作是从过去某一时间或时刻开始持续到现在的。故4应选D。
5、C
6、现在完成时时常与“for +时间段或since +过去时间点”连用。故6应选C。
7、C
8、现在完成时还与once，twice，threetimes，severaltimes等表示重复次数的词语连用。故8应选B。
9、现在完成时与一般过去时容易混淆，就是因为它们所表示的动作都发生在过去，但二者又有区别：一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作，说话的侧重点在于陈述一件过去的事情，与现在没有关系；现在完成时表示与现在有关系的发生在过去的动作，它不与表示过去的时间状语连用。故9的正确答案为B。
10、B
11、现在完成时中，非延续性动词不能与for和since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用，通常是用相应的延续性动词来代替。故11的正确答案依次为：D。
12、B13、A14、C15、A。
16、“have/hasgoneto +地点”表示“某人去了某地”，指主语所指的人不在这儿。“have/hasbeenin +地点”表示“在某地呆了多长时间”，常与表示时间的状语连用。“have/hasbeento+地点”表示“曾经去过某地。”故16的正确答案为A。
17、A18、D19、C20、C
二、句型转换。
1、hashe?2、Howlong3、died, has been dead
4、has beenopen5、has beenaway6、joined；ago
7、It is,since8、The bus has been here for ten minutes.
三、汉译英。
1、Jim has finished doing his homework already. He is freenow.
2、He received a letter yesterday.
3、My father has been to the Great Wall before.
4、She hasn"t seen the new film yet.
5、She has been to Shanghai.
6、Where has he been these days？
现在完成时
一、现在完成时的意义及其构成：
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态, 其结果的影响现在还存在; 也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成: have +过去分词
二、通常使用现在完成时的几种情况：1、表示过去发生的事对现在仍有影响。The disappearance of Justinhas made Kelly veryunhappy．2、表示过去开始的动作一直延续到现在。I haven’t seen Justin sincelast Friday night．4、表示刚结束的动作。The police have just finishedsearching the area．5、表示反复发生的动作。Some villagers say that theyhave seen UFOs many times．
三、常与现在完成时连用的时间状语1、表示过去的事或动作对现在有影响，动作的时间不明确、不重要或动作刚结束，一般可用already、yet、ever、just、recently、latelynever等。除此之外，before也可用于现在完成时。The boy has already comehome．男孩已经来家了。I haven"t heard anything fromhim yet/ recently／lately.
近来，我没收到他的任何信件。The police have just finishedsearching the area．警方已经结束对这个地区的搜查。I"ve met the old man somewherebefore．我以前在某个地方见过那位老人。2、表示动作从过去开始，并一直延续到现在，一般可用for／since短语或由since引导的时间状语从句。在介词for后一般跟表示一段时间的短语，在since后一般跟表示某个时间的短语，或表示过去时间的状语从句。We haven"t seen him for two years／since2002．我两年没见到他了/自从2002年以来就没见过他。We haven"t seen him since he leftNanjing．自从他离开南京我们就一直没见到过他。3、 表示反复发生的动作，一般可用数词+times、recently和lately等。Some villagers say that theyhave seen UFOs many times/ recently/lately．
一些村民说他们多次/近来看到飞碟。
四、用于现在完成时的句型：
1) It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。如果主句是过去时，从句相应地改为过去完成时。例如：
It is thefirst time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次参观这座城市。
It wasthe third time that the boy had been late. 这是男孩第三次迟到了。
2) sb./ sth. + be + 形容词最高级+ that…结构,that从句要用现在完成时。如果主句是过去时，从句相应地改为过去完成时。例如：
This is the best film that I"ve seen.这是我看过的电影中最好的一部。
You are the most creative man that I haveever met. 你是我遇到过的人中最有创造性的一位。
3) since 引导时间状语从句时，主句用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。例如：
It has been/ is a long time since I last cameto the city. 自从我上次到城里来，已经有好长一段时间了。
I started my teaching career at the school. That was more thantwenty years ago, and I have been there eversince.我是在那个学校开始我的教书生涯。那是二十多年前的事了，从那时起我一直就在那儿。
注意: 非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
I have received his letter for a month.
I received this letter a month ago.
I haven"t received his letter for almost a month.
比较since和for
